 @@ -1,636 +1,637 @@
-.\"	$NetBSD: stat.1,v 1.39 2017/09/19 21:45:28 christos Exp $
+.\"	$NetBSD: stat.1,v 1.40 2017/09/20 08:57:02 wiz Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2002-2011 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 .\" by Andrew Brown and Jan Schaumann.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 .\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 .\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 .\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 .\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 .\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 .\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 .\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .Dd September 19, 2017
 .Dt STAT 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm stat ,
 .Nm readlink
 .Nd display file status
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
 .Op Fl FLnq
 .Oo
 .Fl f Ar format |
 .Fl l |
 .Fl r |
 .Fl s |
 .Fl x
 .Oc
 .Op Fl t Ar timefmt
 .Op Ar
 .Nm readlink
 .Op Fl fnqsv
 .Op Ar
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Nm
 utility displays information about the file pointed to by
 .Ar file .
 Read, write, or execute permissions of the named file are not required, but
 all directories listed in the pathname leading to the file must be
 searchable.
 If no argument is given,
 .Nm
 displays information about the file descriptor for standard input.
 .Pp
 When invoked as
 .Nm readlink ,
 only the target of the symbolic link is printed.
 If the given argument is not a symbolic link and the
 .Fl f
 option is not specified,
 .Nm readlink
 will print nothing and exit with an error.
 If the
 .Fl f
 option is specified, the output is canonicalized by following every symlink
 in every component of the given path recursively.
 .Nm readlink
 will resolve both absolute and relative paths, and return the absolute pathname
 corresponding to
 .Ar file .
 In this case, the argument does not need to be a symbolic link.
 .Pp
 The information displayed is obtained by calling
 .Xr lstat 2
 with the given argument and evaluating the returned structure.
 The default format displays the
 .Fa st_dev ,
 .Fa st_ino ,
 .Fa st_mode ,
 .Fa st_nlink ,
 .Fa st_uid ,
 .Fa st_gid ,
 .Fa st_rdev ,
 .Fa st_size ,
 .Fa st_atime ,
 .Fa st_mtime ,
 .Fa st_ctime ,
 .Fa st_birthtime ,
 .Fa st_blksize ,
 .Fa st_blocks ,
 and
 .Fa st_flags
 fields, in that order.
 .Pp
 The options are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width XFXformatXXX
 .It Fl F
 As in
 .Xr ls 1 ,
 display a slash
 .Pq Sq /
 immediately after each pathname that is a directory, an
 asterisk
 .Pq Sq *
 after each that is executable, an at sign
 .Pq Sq @
 after each symbolic link, a percent sign
 .Pq Sq %
 after each whiteout, an equal sign
 .Pq Sq =
 after each socket, and a vertical bar
 .Pq Sq \&|
 after each that is a FIFO.
 The use of
 .Fl F
 implies
 .Fl l .
 .It Fl f Ar format
 Display information using the specified format.
 See the
 .Sx FORMATS
 section for a description of valid formats.
 .It Fl L
 Use
 .Xr stat 2
 instead of
 .Xr lstat 2 .
 The information reported by
 .Nm
 will refer to the target of
 .Ar file ,
 if file is a symbolic link, and not to
 .Ar file
 itself.
 .It Fl l
 Display output in
 .Ic ls Fl lT
 format.
 .It Fl n
 Do not force a newline to appear at the end of each piece of output.
 .It Fl q
 Suppress failure messages if calls to
 .Xr stat 2
 or
 .Xr lstat 2
 fail.
 When run as
 .Nm readlink ,
 error messages are automatically suppressed.
 .It Fl r
 Display raw information.
 That is, for all the fields in the stat-structure,
 display the raw, numerical value (for example, times in seconds since the
 epoch, etc.)
 .It Fl s
 Display information in
 .Dq shell output ,
 suitable for initializing variables.
 When run as
 .Nm readlink ,
 suppress error messages.
 This is equivalent to specifying
 .Bd -literal
 FMT="st_dev=%d st_ino=%i st_mode=%#p st_nlink=%l st_uid=%u st_gid=%g"
 FMT="$FMT st_rdev=%r st_size=%z st_atime=%Sa st_mtime=%Sm st_ctime=%Sc"
 FMT="$FMT st_birthtime=%SB st_blksize=%k st_blocks=%b st_flags=%f"
 stat -t %s -f "$FMT" .
 .Ed
 Note that if you use a timeformat that contains embedded whitespace or shell
 meta-characters you will need to include appropriate quoting so the
 .Fl s
 output remains valid.
 .It Fl t Ar timefmt
 Display timestamps using the specified format.
 This format is
 passed directly to
 .Xr strftime 3
 with the extension that %f prints nanoseconds if available.
 .It Fl v
 Turn off quiet mode.
 .It Fl x
 Display information in a more verbose way as known from some Linux
 distributions.
 .El
 .Ss FORMATS
 Format strings are similar to
 .Xr printf 3
 formats in that they start with
 .Cm % ,
 are then followed by a sequence of formatting characters, and end in
 a character that selects the field of the struct stat which is to be
 formatted.
 If the
 .Cm %
 is immediately followed by one of
 .Cm n ,
 .Cm t ,
 .Cm % ,
 or
 .Cm @ ,
 then a newline character, a tab character, a percent character,
 or the current file number is printed, otherwise the string is
 examined for the following:
 .Pp
 Any of the following optional flags:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm #
 Selects an alternate output form for string, octal and hexadecimal output.
 String output will be encoded in
 .Xr vis 3
 style.
 Non-zero octal output will have a leading zero.
 Non-zero hexadecimal output will have
 .Dq 0x
 prepended to it.
 .It Cm +
 Asserts that a sign indicating whether a number is positive or negative
 should always be printed.
 Non-negative numbers are not usually printed with a sign.
 .It Cm -
 Aligns string output to the left of the field, instead of to the right.
 .It Cm 0
 Sets the fill character for left padding to the 0 character, instead of
 a space.
 .It space
 Reserves a space at the front of non-negative signed output fields.
+A
 .Sq Cm +
 overrides a space if both are used.
 .El
 .Pp
 Then the following fields:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm size
 An optional decimal digit string specifying the minimum field width.
 .It Cm prec
 An optional precision composed of a decimal point
 .Sq Cm \&.
 and a decimal digit string that indicates the maximum string length,
 the number of digits to appear after the decimal point in floating point
 output, or the minimum number of digits to appear in numeric output.
 .It Cm fmt
 An optional output format specifier which is one of
 .Cm D ,
 .Cm O ,
 .Cm U ,
 .Cm X ,
 .Cm F ,
 or
 .Cm S .
 These represent signed decimal output, octal output, unsigned decimal
 output, hexadecimal output, floating point output, and string output,
 respectively.
 Some output formats do not apply to all fields.
 Floating point output only applies to timespec fields (the
 .Cm a ,
 .Cm m ,
 and
 .Cm c
 fields).
 .Pp
 The special output specifier
 .Cm S
 may be used to indicate that the output, if
 applicable, should be in string format.
 May be used in combination with
 .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm amc
-Display date in strftime(3) format
+Display date in
-with the extension that %f prints nanoseconds if available.
+.Xr strftime 3
 format with the extension that %f prints nanoseconds if available.
 .It Cm dr
 Display actual device name.
 .It Cm gu
 Display group or user name.
 .It Cm p
 Display the mode of
 .Ar file
 as in
 .Ic ls -lTd .
 .It Cm N
 Displays the name of
 .Ar file .
 .It Cm T
 Displays the type of
 .Ar file .
 .It Cm Y
 Insert a `` -> '' into the output.
 Note that the default output format for
 .Cm Y
 is a string, but if specified explicitly, these four characters are
 prepended.
 .El
 .It Cm sub
 An optional sub field specifier (high, middle, or low).
 Only applies to the
 .Cm p ,
 .Cm d ,
 .Cm r ,
 .Cm T ,
 .Cm N ,
 and
 .Cm z
 output formats.
 It can be one of the following:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm H
 .Dq High
 -- depending on the
 .Cm datum :
 .Bl -tag -compact -width door
 .It Cm d , r
 Major number for devices
 .It Cm p
 .Dq User
 bits from the string form of permissions or the file
 .Dq type
 bits from the numeric forms
 .It Cm T
 The long output form of file type
 .It Cm N
 Directory path of the file, similar to what
 .Xr dirname 1
 would show
 .It Cm z
 File size, rounded to the nearest gigabyte
 .El
 .It Cm M
 .Dq Middle
 -- depending on the
 .Cm datum :
 .Bl -tag -compact -width door
 .It Cm p
 The
 .Dq group
 bits from the string form of permissions or the
 .Dq suid ,
 .Dq sgid ,
 and
 .Dq sticky
 bits from the numeric forms
 .It Cm z
 File size, rounded to the nearest megabyte
 .El
 .It Cm L
 .Dq Low
 -- depending on the
 .Cm datum :
 .Bl -tag -compact -width door
 .It Cm r , d
 Minor number for devices
 .It Cm p
 The
 .Dq other
 bits from the string form of permissions or the
 .Dq user ,
 .Dq group ,
 and
 .Dq other
 bits from the numeric forms
 .It Cm T
 The
 .Ic ls -F
 style output character for file type (the use of
 .Cm L
 here is optional)
 .It Cm N
 Base filename of the file, similar to what
 .Xr basename 1
 would show
 .It Cm z
 File size, rounded to the nearest kilobyte
 .El
 .El
 .It Cm datum
 A required field specifier, being one of the following:
 .Bl -tag -width 11n
 .It Cm d
 Device upon which
 .Ar file
 resides
 .Pq Fa st_dev .
 .It Cm i
 .Ar file Ap s
 inode number
 .Pq Fa st_ino .
 .It Cm p
 File type and permissions
 .Pq Fa st_mode .
 .It Cm l
 Number of hard links to
 .Ar file
 .Pq Fa st_nlink .
 .It Cm u , g
 User-id and group-id of
 .Ar file Ap s
 owner
 .Pq Fa st_uid , st_gid .
 .It Cm r
 Device number for character and block device special files
 .Pq Fa st_rdev .
 .It Cm a , m , c , B
 The time
 .Ar file
 was last accessed or modified, or when the inode was last changed, or
 the birth time of the inode
-.Pq Fa st_atime , st_mtime , st_ctime, st_birthtime .
+.Pq Fa st_atime , st_mtime , st_ctime , st_birthtime .
 .It Cm z
 The size of
 .Ar file
 in bytes
 .Pq Fa st_size .
 .It Cm b
 Number of blocks allocated for
 .Ar file
 .Pq Fa st_blocks .
 .It Cm k
 Optimal file system I/O operation block size
 .Pq Fa st_blksize .
 .It Cm f
 User defined flags for
 .Ar file
 .Pq Fa st_flags .
 .It Cm v
 Inode generation number
 .Pq Fa st_gen .
 .El
 .Pp
 The following five field specifiers are not drawn directly from the
 data in struct stat, but are:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm N
 The name of the file.
 .It Cm R
 The absolute pathname corresponding to the file.
 .It Cm T
 The file type, either as in
 .Ic ls -F
 or in a more descriptive form if the sub field specifier
 .Cm H
 is given.
 .It Cm Y
 The target of a symbolic link.
 .It Cm Z
 Expands to
 .Dq Ar major , Ns Ar minor
 from the rdev field for character or block
 special devices and gives size output for all others.
 .El
 .El
 .Pp
 Only the
 .Cm %
 and the field specifier are required.
 Most field specifiers default to
 .Cm U
 as an output form, with the
 exception of
 .Cm p
 which defaults to
 .Cm O ;
 .Cm a , m ,
 and
 .Cm c
 which default to
 .Cm D ;
 and
 .Cm Y , T ,
 and
 .Cm N ,
 which default to
 .Cm S .
 .Sh EXIT STATUS
 .Ex -std
 .Sh EXAMPLES
 If no options are specified, the default format is
 "%d %i %Sp %l %Su %Sg %r %z \e"%Sa\e" \e"%Sm\e" \e"%Sc\e" \e"%SB\e" %k %b %#Xf %N".
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat /tmp/bar
 78852 -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 0 0 "Jul  8 10:26:03 2004" "Jul  8 10:26:03 2004" "Jul  8 10:28:13 2004" "Jan  1 09:00:00 1970" 16384 0 0 /tmp/bar
 .Ed
 .Pp
 This example produces output very similar to that from
 .Ic find ... -ls
 (except that
 .Xr find 1
 displays the time in a different format, and
 .Xr find 1
 sometimes adds one or more spaces after the comma in
 .Dq Ar major , Ns Ar minor
 for device nodes):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat -f "%7i %6b %-11Sp %3l %-17Su %-17Sg %9Z %Sm %N%SY" /tmp/bar
 0 -rw-r--r--    1 root              wheel                     0 Jul  8 10:26:03 2004 /tmp/bar
 > find /tmp/bar -ls -exit
 0 -rw-r--r--    1 root              wheel                     0 Jul  8  2004 /tmp/bar
 .Ed
 .Pp
 This example produces output very similar to that from
 .Ic ls -lTd
 (except that
 .Xr ls 1
 adjusts the column spacing differently when listing multiple files,
 and
 .Xr ls 1
 adds at least one space after the comma in
 .Dq Ar major , Ns Ar minor
 for device nodes):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat -f "%-11Sp %l %Su  %Sg  %Z %Sm %N%SY" /tmp/bar
 -rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  0 Jul  8 10:26:03 2004 /tmp/bar
 > ls -lTd /tmp/bar
 -rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  0 Jul  8 10:26:03 2004 /tmp/bar
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Given a symbolic link
 .Dq foo
 that points from
 .Pa /tmp/foo
 to
 .Pa / ,
 you would use
 .Nm
 as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat -F /tmp/foo
 lrwxrwxrwx 1 jschauma cs 1 Apr 24 16:37:28 2002 /tmp/foo@ -> /
 > stat -LF /tmp/foo
 drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Apr 19 10:57:54 2002 /tmp/foo/
 .Ed
 .Pp
 To initialize some shell-variables, you could use the
 .Fl s
 flag as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > csh
 % eval set `stat -s .cshrc`
 % echo $st_size $st_mtime
 1015432481
 > sh
 $ eval $(stat -s .profile)
 $ echo $st_size $st_mtime
 1015432481
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In order to get a list of the kind of files including files pointed to if the
 file is a symbolic link, you could use the following format:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 $ stat -f "%N: %HT%SY" /tmp/*
 /tmp/bar: Symbolic Link -> /tmp/foo
 /tmp/output25568: Regular File
 /tmp/blah: Directory
 /tmp/foo: Symbolic Link -> /
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In order to get a list of the devices, their types and the major and minor
 device numbers, formatted with tabs and linebreaks, you could use the
 following format:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 stat -f "Name: %N%n%tType: %HT%n%tMajor: %Hr%n%tMinor: %Lr%n%n" /dev/*
 [...]
 Name: /dev/wt8
         Type: Block Device
         Major: 3
         Minor: 8
 Name: /dev/zero
         Type: Character Device
         Major: 2
         Minor: 12
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In order to determine the permissions set on a file separately, you could use
 the following format:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat -f "%Sp -> owner=%SHp group=%SMp other=%SLp" .
 drwxr-xr-x -> owner=rwx group=r-x other=r-x
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In order to determine the three files that have been modified most recently,
 you could use the following format:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > stat -f "%m%t%Sm %N" /tmp/* | sort -rn | head -3 | cut -f2-
 Apr 25 11:47:00 2002 /tmp/blah
 Apr 25 10:36:34 2002 /tmp/bar
 Apr 24 16:47:35 2002 /tmp/foo
 .Ed
 .Pp
 User names, group names, and file names that contain spaces
 or other special characters may be encoded in
 .Xr vis 3
 style, using the
 .Cm \&#
 modifier:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 > ln -s 'target with spaces' 'link with spaces'
 > stat -f "%#N%#SY" 'link with spaces'
 link\eswith\esspaces -> target\eswith\esspaces
 .Ed
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr basename 1 ,
 .Xr dirname 1 ,
 .Xr file 1 ,
 .Xr ls 1 ,
 .Xr lstat 2 ,
 .Xr readlink 2 ,
 .Xr stat 2 ,
 .Xr printf 3 ,
 .Xr strftime 3
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 utility appeared in
 .Nx 1.6 .
 .Sh AUTHORS
 .An -nosplit
 The
 .Nm
 utility was written by
 .An Andrew Brown
 .Aq atatat@NetBSD.org .
 This man page was written by
 .An Jan Schaumann
 .Aq jschauma@NetBSD.org .