 @@ -344,32 +344,29 @@ Rule	Shang	1919	only	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	S
 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
 # spring forward the clock.  On the other hand, the custom office refused to
 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
 # match rest of the city.  So is travel agents, and also weather
 # observatory.  It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
 # their clock to their preferred time.
+#
-# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
+# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
-# coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
+# Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
-# concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
+# the same date as Shanghai".
 # that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
 # claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
 # on the same date as Shanghai".
+#
 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
 # original schedule ten days earlier.
+#
 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
 # to situation before that announcement)
 @@ -545,27 +542,27 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1
 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+#
 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 # most of China
-# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+#
 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 @@ -664,38 +661,39 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=11	 2:00	1
 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 # +08 mandate back then.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 		#STDOFF	8:05:43.2
 Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
 :00	Shang	C%sT	1949 May 28
 :00	PRC	C%sT
 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
 :00	-	+06
 # Hong Kong
-# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7.
 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 # think 3:30 is correct.
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 # According to Singaporean newspaper
 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
 @@ -859,27 +857,28 @@ Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30s	0	-
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30s	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Nov	30	3:30s	0	-
 Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30s	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1948	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=28	3:30s	0	-
 Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1953	1964	-	Oct	Sun>=31	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
 Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	13	3:30	1:00	S
 Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	21	3:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
+		#STDOFF	7:36:41.7
 Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 29 17:00u
 :00	-	HKT	1941 Jun 15  3:00
 :00	1:00	HKST	1941 Oct  1  4:00
 :00	0:30	HKWT	1941 Dec 25
 :00	-	JST	1945 Nov 18  2:00
 :00	HK	HK%sT
 ###############################################################################
 # Taiwan
 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
 @@ -1334,27 +1333,27 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun
 :30	1:00	+0630	1942 May 15
 :30	-	IST	1942 Sep
 :30	1:00	+0630	1945 Oct 15
 :30	-	IST
 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 #	Andaman Is
 #	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 #	Nicobar Is
 # Indonesia
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
-# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5.
+#
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 @@ -1370,30 +1369,31 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1854 Jun
 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
 # when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
+#
 # WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
 # WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Java, Sumatra
 		#STDOFF	7:07:12.5
 Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 # but this must be a typo.
-:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
 :20	-	+0720	1932 Nov
 :30	-	+0730	1942 Mar 23
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
 :30	-	+0730	1948 May
 :00	-	+08	1950 May
 :30	-	+0730	1964
 :00	-	WIB
 # west and central Borneo
 Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
 :17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
 :30	-	+0730	1942 Jan 29
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
 :30	-	+0730	1948 May
 @@ -1405,26 +1405,131 @@ Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 M
 Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
 :57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
 :00	-	+08	1942 Feb  9
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep 23
 :00	-	WITA
 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
 Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 :00	-	+09	1944 Sep  1
 :30	-	+0930	1964
 :00	-	WIT
 # Iran
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
 # Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
 # Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
 # https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
 # Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
 # https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
 # Here's my translation:
+#
 # "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
 # in Provinces
 # Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
 # According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
 # now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
 # circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
 # Greenwich)....
+#
 # I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
 # Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
 # know when it switched to +03:30.  For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
 # Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
 # This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
 # March 20, 1978, page 2:
+#
 # "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
 # As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
 # new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
 # work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
 # On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
 # pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
 # [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
 # In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
 # of the previous years by one hour and a half.
 # According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
 # the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
 # be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
 # forenoon."
+#
 # This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
 # done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
+#
+#
 # This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
 # page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
 # just in time for Ramadan that year:
+#
 # "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
 # At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
 # clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
 # forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
 # This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
 # [=1978-07-16], [...]
 # At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
 # year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
 # Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
 # the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
 # because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
 # pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
 # year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
 # time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
+#
 # This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
 # clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
 # long weekend in Iran).
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
 # [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
 # to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
 # Here's the quotes from the paper:
 # 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
 # March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
 # in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
 # observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
 # put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
 # observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
 # means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
 # midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
 # than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
 # Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
 # hours in summer).'
+#
 # The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
 # Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
 # https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
 # (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
+#
 # 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
 # daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
+#
 # This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
+#
 # The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
 # Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
 # still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
 # onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
 # From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
 # for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 october
 # (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 september (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
 # UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
 #	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
 #	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
 #	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
 #	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
 #	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
 #	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
 #	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
 @@ -1439,85 +1544,32 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 No
 #	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+#
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
 # plan to change that law....
+#
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
+# Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
-# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
+# after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
-# lines from 2008 through 2087.  Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
+# Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
-# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
+# is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
-# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar
+# Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so
 # the following code special-cases those years.  See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
 # (cl-loop
 #  initially (require 'cal-persia)
 #  with first-persian-year = 1387
 #  with last-persian-year = 1466
 #  ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
 #  ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
 #  with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
 #  with range-start = nil
 #  for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
 #  do
 #  (let*
 #      ((exceptional-year-offset
 #        (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
 #       (beg-dst-absolute
 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
 #           exceptional-year-offset))
 #       (end-dst-absolute
 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
 #           exceptional-year-offset))
 #       (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
 #           (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
 #       (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
 #       (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
 #       (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
 #                           next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
 #       (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
 #       (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
 #    (setq range-start (or range-start year))
 #    (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
 #                  (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
 #              (= persian-year last-persian-year))
 #      (insert
 #       (format
 #        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
 #        range-start range-end
 #        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
 #        (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
 #      (insert
 #       (format
 #        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
 #        range-start range-end
 #        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
 #        (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
 #      (setq range-start nil))))
+#
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
 # known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
 # no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
 @@ -1531,30 +1583,43 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 No
 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 # daylight saving time ...
 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+#
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
+#
 # From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
 # Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
 # ...
 # Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
 # (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
+# Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
-Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	1910	only	-	Jan	 1	00:00	0	-
+#
 Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1977	only	-	Oct	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Mar	24	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Aug	 5	01:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	May	26	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	22	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 2	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 @@ -1565,105 +1630,33 @@ Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00
 Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
-Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Iran	2021	2022	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2038	2039	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2040	2041	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2042	2043	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2044	2045	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2046	2047	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2048	2049	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2050	2051	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2052	2053	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2054	2055	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2056	2057	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2058	2059	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2060	2062	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2063	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2064	2066	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2067	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2068	2070	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2071	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2072	2074	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2075	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2076	2078	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2079	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2080	2082	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2083	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2084	2086	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Mar	21	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2087	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
 Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iran	2088	max	-	Sep	20	24:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
-:25:44	-	TMT	1946     # Tehran Mean Time
+:25:44	-	TMT	1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
-:30	-	+0330	1977 Nov
+:30	Iran	+0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
 :00	Iran	+04/+05	1979
 :30	Iran	+0330/+0430
 # Iraq
+#
 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
 @@ -2465,29 +2458,29 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # according to wikipedia.)
+#
 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
 # how that could happen....
+#
 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
-# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
+# (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
-# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
+# effective December 21st, 2018....
-# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
 Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
 :00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
 :00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 :00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 :00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
 :00	-	+06
 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
 @@ -2754,40 +2747,39 @@ Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00
 Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 :00	Lebanon	EE%sT
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	-
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
+#
-# peninsular Malaysia
+# Peninsular Malaysia
 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
 # https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
 # This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
 :55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
 :00	-	+07	1933 Jan  1
 :00	0:20	+0720	1936 Jan  1
 :20	-	+0720	1941 Sep  1
 :30	-	+0730	1942 Feb 16
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
 :30	-	+0730	1982 Jan  1
 :00	-	+08
+#
 # Sabah & Sarawak
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
 :30	-	+0730	1933
 :00 NBorneo  +08/+0820	1942 Feb 16
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep 12
 :00	-	+08
 # Maldives
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 @@ -3850,27 +3842,27 @@ Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1
 Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
 :00	Syria	EE%sT
 # Tajikistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 :00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
 :00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
-:00	1:00	+05/+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+:00	1:00	+06	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
 :00	-	+05
 # Thailand
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 :42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
 :00	-	+07
 # Turkmenistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
 :00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
 @@ -3883,86 +3875,88 @@ Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 Ma
 Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 :00	-	+04
 # Uzbekistan
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 :00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
 :00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
 :00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
 :00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
 :00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
 :00	-	+05
-# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
 		#STDOFF	4:37:10.8
 Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 :00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
 :00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 :00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992
 :00	-	+05
 # Vietnam
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
 # is quoted verbatim in:
 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
 # and is the basis for the information below.
+#
 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
-# the Paris Meridian (2�� 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
-# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
 # To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+		#STDOFF	7:06:30.13
 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:30 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
 :06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
 :00	-	+07	1942 Dec 31 23:00
 :00	-	+08	1945 Mar 14 23:00
 :00	-	+09	1945 Sep  2
 :00	-	+07	1947 Apr  1
 :00	-	+08	1955 Jul  1
 :00	-	+07	1959 Dec 31 23:00
 :00	-	+08	1975 Jun 13
 :00	-	+07
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
+#
 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of

 @@ -247,28 +247,26 @@ Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 N
 :00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
 	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
 :00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
 :00	AT	AE%sT	2010
 :00	1:00	AEDT	2011
 :00	AT	AE%sT
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 :00	-	+07
 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 :30	-	+0630
 # Fiji
 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
+#
 @@ -467,26 +465,27 @@ Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 :39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
 :00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
 :00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
 :00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 :00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
 :00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Kanton	  0	-	-00	1937 Aug 31
 			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
 			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
 :00	-	+13
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
 			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
 :00	-	+14
 # N Mariana Is
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 :43:00 -	LMT	1901
 @@ -494,51 +493,57 @@ Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844
 :00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
 :00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 :00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 :00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 :00	-	+11	1937
 :00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 :00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
 :00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 :00	-	+12
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
 :00	-	+11	1937
 :00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 :00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
 :00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
 :00	-	+12
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 :07:08 -	LMT	1901
 :00	-	+10	1914 Oct
 :00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 :00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 :00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 :00	-	+10
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
 :32:52 -	LMT	1901
 :00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 :00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 :00	-	+11	1937
 :00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 :00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 :00	-	+11
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 :51:56 -	LMT	1901
 :00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 :00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 :00	-	+11	1937
 :00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 :00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 :00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 :00	-	+12	1999
 :00	-	+11
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 @@ -588,34 +593,34 @@ Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:0
 Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 :30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 :00	NZ	NZ%sT
 Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 :15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
 :45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
 :00	NZ	NZ%sT
 Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 :15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
 :45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
 # Auckland Is
 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 # Campbell I
 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 # Cook Is
+#
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
 @@ -654,27 +659,27 @@ Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	13:20:56 -	LMT	1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
 			-10:39:04 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16
 			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
 			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
 ###############################################################################
 # Niue
-# See Pacific/Raratonga comments for 1952 transition.
+# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
+#
 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
 # Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
 # Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
 #   Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
 #   Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
 # Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1952 Oct 16	# Alofi
 			-11:20	-	-1120	1964 Jul
 			-11:00	-	-11
 @@ -1282,26 +1287,27 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
 # [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]
 # Queensland
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
 @@ -1825,36 +1831,32 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
 # Kwajalein
 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
 # one side of the international date line to the other."
 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
-# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
-# <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that
+# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
-# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
+# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
-# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
+# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
-# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
+# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this.  The article
-# should occur at around 1950s instead.
+# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
 # The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
 # Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
 @@ -1881,33 +1883,26 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 # Marshall Is
 # See the commentary for Micronesia.
 # Micronesia (and nearby)
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
+#
 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
 # ...
 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
 @@ -2218,54 +2213,34 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
+#
 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
-# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
+# In August government was dissolved by the King.  The current prime minister
 # continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
+#
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
 # Wake
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 ###############################################################################
 # The International Date Line
 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
+#
 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
 # convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
+#
 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL

 @@ -1,23 +1,28 @@
 # tzdb links for backward compatibility
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 # This file provides links from old or merged timezone names to current ones.
-# Many names changed in late 1993.  Several of these names are
+# Many names changed in late 1993, and many merged names moved here
 # in the period from 2013 through 2022.  Several of these names are
 # also present in the file 'backzone', which has data important only
 # for pre-1970 timestamps and so is out of scope for tzdb proper.
 # Although this file is optional and tzdb will work if you omit it by
 # building with 'make BACKWARD=', in practice downstream users
 # typically use this file for backward compatibility.
 # Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
 Link	Africa/Asmara	Africa/Asmera
 Link	Africa/Bamako	Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
 Link	America/Atikokan	America/Coral_Harbour
 Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
 Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
 Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
 Link	America/Nuuk		America/Godthab
 Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
 @@ -73,26 +78,27 @@ Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
 Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
 Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
 Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
 Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
 Link	America/Regina		Canada/Saskatchewan
 Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
 Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
 Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
 Link	America/Havana		Cuba
 Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
 Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
 Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/UCT
 Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
 Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Kiev
 Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
 Link	Europe/London		GB
 Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
 Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT			GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT			GMT0
 Link	Etc/GMT			Greenwich
 Link	Asia/Hong_Kong		Hongkong
 Link	Atlantic/Reykjavik	Iceland
 Link	Asia/Tehran		Iran
 Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Israel
 Link	America/Jamaica		Jamaica
 Link	Asia/Tokyo		Japan

 @@ -194,30 +194,30 @@
 #	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
 #	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
 #	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
 #	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
 #	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
 #	announced or at least one month before the effective date
 #	(whichever is later).
 #	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
 #	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
 #	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
 #	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
 #	will not change.
+#
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C63
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C64
-#	File expires on:  28 December 2022
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2023
+#
-#@	3881174400
+#@	3896899200
+#
 2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
 2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
 2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
 2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
 2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
 2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
 2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
 2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
 2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
 2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
 2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
 2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
 @@ -242,14 +242,14 @@
 #	hash value of the data in this file computed
 #	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
 #	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
 #	the details of how this hash value is
 #	computed. Note that the hash computation
 #	ignores comments and whitespace characters
 #	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
 #	of both the last modification time and the
 #	expiration time of the file, but not the
 #	white space on those lines.
 #	the hash line is also ignored in the
 #	computation.
+#
-#h 	732b2044 5863a938 b7e43179 1339c710 ded63837
+#h 	2c413af9 124e1031 f165174 ff527c6b 756ae00b

 @@ -62,21 +62,21 @@ Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 # UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires.
 # Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
 # This Expires line is commented out for now,
 # so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
-#Expires 2022	Dec	28	00:00:00
+#Expires 2023	Jun	28	00:00:00
 # POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
 #updated 1467936000 (2016-07-08 00:00:00 UTC)
-#expires 1672185600 (2022-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+#expires 1687910400 (2023-06-28 00:00:00 UTC)
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C63
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C64
-#	File expires on:  28 December 2022
+#	File expires on:  28 June 2023